ABSTRACT
Therefore this study was designed to evaluate the teaching and learning of guidance and counseling in Colleges of Education. Four research question and two Hypotheses guided the study. An evaluation research design was employed in order to carry out the study. A total of twenty nine (29) guidance and counselling lecturers in Colleges of Education and (348) 300 level students of Colleges of Education Cross River State participated in the study. A structure Guidance and Counselling Evaluation Questionnaire (G&CEO); and Guidance and Counselling Evaluation Observation Schedule (G&CEOS) developed by the researcher were used for data collection. The reliability co-efficient of the instrument was 0.74 using correlation analysis while four experts carried our validation. Four research question and two research hypothesis tested at 0.05 level of significance guided they study. Frequencies, Percentages, Means and Standard deviation were employed to answer the research questions while the chi-square statistic was used to test the hypothesis. The result among other shows that facilities and materials for counselling exercises are not available, for practical learning, period allocated for guidance and counselling is not adequate, based on the findings, it was recommended that government should establish counseling laboratories in schools and equipped them with facilities to meet counselling challenges. Student counselling practicum and functional library should be provided to enable students and lectures carry out references in guidance and counselling. Lecturers should improvise instructional materials basically for conuselling exercises to boost their profession.
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TABLE 1. Population Distribution = = = = 61
TABLE 2. Means and Standard Deviation of the extend of
Agreement of students and Lecturers of the
Suitability of course contents in achieving the aims
of guidance and counselling. = = = = 65
TABLE 3. Mean and Standard Deviation of Instructional Method Adopted for effective teaching and learning of guidance
and counseling = = = = = = 67
TABLE 4. The checklist shows the response of students/lecturers In ranking order of availability of Instructional
Material facilities needed for effective teaching and Learning of Guidance and Counselling = = 68
TABLE 5: Means and Standard deviation on problems encountered
By Lecturers in Guidance and Counselling = = 70
TABLE 6; Is Guidance and Counselling Observation Schedule = 72
TABLE 7; Summary of Chi-square for H01 = = = 73
TABLE 8: Summary of Chi-square for H02 = = = 74
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Background of the Study
Education is a means through which nations build their desired society and it is an instrument for a change. Education is aimed at inducing a change in individuals in some desirable way and add to the knowledge they already posses (Onwuka, 1981).
The arrival of missionaries in Nigeria brought formal Teacher Education in the country. The need for evangelization encouraged the training of personnel for the purpose of teaching. Initially, these personnel functioned as catechists who teach religious doctrines in the churches but later realize the need to train them to provide manpower for other services. This continued until 19thcentury when the formal institution for the training of teachers was established in the country (Akuyimu, 1991). The Ashby commission in 1959 came with the revolution of Teacher Education. The Ashby commission reportedthat the country’s (Nigeria) manpower development depend on the number of qualified teachers and recommended teacher Education programme upon which the whole system of education depended.
From the recommendations, two schemes of Teacher Education were introduced. One of these schemes was teacher certification programme which was established with the assistance of UNESCO. Later both the Federal and the
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then Regional governments established in all five Advance Teaching Training Colleges (ATTC) in 1962 following the Ashby commission recommendations. This was later changed to Colleges of Education (COE).
The Colleges of Education are charged to train teachers in various teaching subjects and methods, who will teach in the senior section of the nation’s primarySschools and in the junior section of the secondary schools. Specifically, the National policy on Education (2004) stipulates that the aims of teacher education are to:
xProduce highly motivated, conscientious and efficient classroom teachers for all levels of our educational system.
xEncourage further the spirit of enquiry and creativity in teachers.
xHelp teachers to fit into the social life of the community and society at large and to enhance their commitment to national objectives.
xProvide teachers with the intellectual and professional background
adequate for their assignment and to make them adaptable to any changing
situation not only in the life of their country but in the wider world.xEnhance teachers commitment to the teaching profession.
The above objectives indicate that teaching in tertiary institutions, which deals with teacher education programme, is more than instructing; more widely and provides a framework in which students acquire potent knowledge about subject matter. Above all, the objectives require teacher development in solid
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self-understanding and effectiveness that depends on their professionalism, experience and commitment. In the same way, Shuaibu (1991) states the important role teacher education programme plays in our educational system as follows:
xIt preserves the system. A teacher education programme should be concerned the teacher on how to select what to teach and to identified group effectively.
xIt should be evaluative. A teacher education programme should be evaluative of not only what is learnt but what has been considered worth while and how these matters have been taught.
xIt should be generative. The programme should be able to predict the future and work out the skills and attitudes that would be required to stand the test of time.
xIt should serve as a maintenance system. The teacher education programme should make up the short fall resulting from expansion in the education system.
xA research-based teacher education programme should identify obsolesce in knowledge and methodology and substitute for these in the school curriculum.
The implication of the above roles stated that, the products of teacher education programme are expected to personify the educated Nigerian, to be a
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nationalist and a patriot irrespective of the circumstances of the environment and personal deprivations.
Among the various courses in the colleges of Education is guidance and counselling. The philosophy of guidance and counselling programme in Colleges of Education as stipulated by the National Commission for colleges of Education (NCCE, 1996) is inspired by the desire to help students become potentially and intellectually informed in guidance and counselling skills for logical reasoning, ideas, understand their capability, and to make useful decisions in education.
The objectives of guidance and counselling programme among other things are as follows; according to National Commission for Colleges of Education (NCCE):
· To find out and make individual aware of their basic personal prerequisites, abilities, assests, liabilities and potentialities.
· To provide usable information correctly or clarify misinformation
· Assess an individuals chances to succeed in the labour market.
· To create awareness of client in the available jobs and how to progress in
them.
· To make available opportunities for further training and advancement in occupation.
· To suggest alternative careers and realization of priorities.
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xAssists individual to use appropriate tools and techniques necessary for self-direction, personal understanding, self-confidence and mental maturation for healthy growth adjustments
x To mobilize all the available resources of the school or home for satisfaction of vocational, academic and social-personal needs of the student.
In order to achieve these laudable objectives as well as to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of the Colleges of Education, there is need to constantly evaluate the guidance and counselling programme of our schools for rapid changes in educational, vocational and socio-personal development. Some evaluation studies have been carried out in the Colleges of Education in Nigeria are as followed Dienye (2005) defines evaluation as a process of finding out how far the learning experiences in relation to the content that have been developed and organized, actually produce the desired results. The process of evaluation will also involve the identification of strengths and weaknesses of the curriculum plan.
Evaluation involves a systematic process, it is controlled observation of pupils change in behaviour. Agbaegbu, Ezendu and Agwagah (2000) defines evaluation as a process of ascertaining the functionality of education programme and practices in a systematic manner. The learners are exposed to
some content before evaluating or determining the extent of learning or behavioural change that has take place.
Teaching is a common term we use in three distinct ways: as a profession/occupation, as a doctrine/body of knowledge, and as a formal school activity, Keziah and Lawrence (2003). Teaching as a formal school activity is the major one that concerns us because it is the process of getting a learner become educated. Teaching influencing the thoughts, feelings and behaviour of other admittedly, teaching is concerned with education or behaviour change, it is a system of activity by a formerly knowledge, working with one or more learners to achieve certain learning outcomes.
Attempts to explain the concept of teaching and learning has introduced the issue of selling and buying. There is no double to the fact that but concepts involves some sort of interaction. In other words, some level of interaction is necessary before there can be teaching-learning or selling buying. But where as the seller-buyer relationship has an action of giving something to someone in consideration for money as the most important predictable behaviour, teacher – learner relationship has no one major event. Rather, it involves series of actions like marking of papers, discussing and demonstration, explaining and illustration or writing of something on the chalkboard.
Experience is the knowledge and skill that is gained through something for a period of time Oxford Advanced Learners dictionary (2000). For instance
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a teacher with ten years teaching experience influence the way he/she thinks and behaves in a more acceptable way from accumulated knowledge gained through the skills he acquire from a particular job.
The use of instructional facilities enhances learning experience and leads to interaction within the learning environment. Consequently the interaction culminates in increased interest and acquisition of competences needed for the occupational world. In this age of educational technology, the process of learning requires systematic application of scientific knowledge to practical tasks, identifying and analyzing learning problems. Learning occurs at three levels Olumba (1996) mention as follows; (a) Direct experience level (b) iconic experience level and (c) symbolic experience.
Direct experience level deals with the real life experience involving the interaction of the student with his environment through seeing, learning, touching and manipulation of what is learned. The iconic level of learning has to do with teaching students by means of pictorial. This kind of learning leads to vicarious experience. The symbolic level of learning is merely learning in abstraction as in mathematics. Learning experience is interaction between the learner and his external conditions in their environments to which he can react (Olaitan and Ali 1997). Learning environment is the collective social and technical setting in which teachers and students interact with instructional
objects for purposes of acquiring skills, knowledge and attitude which is known as experience.
However, there are inadequate number of non-academic staff, no Mathematic workshop, no departmental library and lecture method is popularly used by the lecturers against discovering, demonstration and problem solving methods. Studies above revealed that most of the programmes introduced by Colleges of Education in Nigeria were inadequate to meet the need of the learners and society. Since guidance and counselling is part of the programme in Colleges of Education, the aims and objectives need to be attainable to ensure that they are consistently being achieved. For effective teaching to occur there is need for the teachers to posses the skills, the knowledge of the subject matter as well as the ability to select appropriate methods for delivery instructions to students. Certain facilities need to be provided to ensure the smooth running of the programme. Such facilities are classroom blocks, staff offices, provision of adequate staff personnel, counselling laboratory, seminar, sensitization campaigns, workshop etc. Akale (1991) observed that in some Colleges of Education, some of these facilities are grossly inadequate. Against this background, this work is geared towards evaluating guidance and counselling programme in Colleges of Education in Cross River State with a view to determining its strengths and weaknesses and proffering solution to the identified problems.
Despite programmes mounted by Colleges of Education in Nigeria to meet the needs of the learners and society both human and material resources are inadequate. Since guidance and counselling is part of the programme in Colleges of education, it become imperative to evaluate the guidance and counselling teacher education in the Colleges of Education in order to determine its effectiveness and efficiency in meeting the needs of learner and society. An evaluation of guidance and counselling programme should not only be on1 Rstudent’s performance but also on all theEfacilities both❑physical and human resources that are necessary for a successful implementation of any education programme. Programme evaluation of this nature is useful for programme improvement, decision-making, personnel, accountability and availability of facilities. Therefore knowledge of guidance and counselling programme is critical in the improvement of teaching and learning of guidance and counselling, improvement of the personnel and taking useful and worthwhile decision concerning the development of Colleges of Education.
Since the inception of guidance and counselling in colleges of education evaluation research work has been carried out in biology, Introductory Technology, Business Education, Integrated Science, Physic, Social Studies etc. But no effort has been made to evaluate guidance and counselling inspite of it imperative impact to ascertain the achievement of its aims and objectives in the
Purpose of the Study
The purpose of this study is to evaluate guidance and counselling programme in colleges of education in Cross River State. Specifically the purpose of the study were to find out:
(1) To what extent are the aims of guidance and counselling being achieved.
(2) /HF'WXUHUV¶❑ Lecturers’ instructional approaches adopted inteaching guidance and .GR I
counselling.
(3) The adequacy and availability of instructional materials and other facilities for effective teaching of the course content.
(4) The problem encountered by lecturers in teaching guidance and counselling
The study will enable the curriculum planners to also effect the necessary change be ensuring that adequate and qualified teachers are employed to teach guidance and counselling as to take care of students vocational, academic and social/personal problem which is the turning point of its objectives in line with the content of the course.
The result will provide administrators with useful information and an insight of the impact of guidance and counselling on students academic achievement and their future career. To parent, it will enable them to identify their weaknesses on part of failure their responsibility to provide for their wards necessary materials needed for a successful school work and learning.
Lecturers will know the damaging effect of guidance and counselling on students’ academic achievement. Hence they will look for ways of manipulating the school environment to provide conducive learning situation that will discourage poor performance among the students. They would exploit instructional approaches in teaching guidance in counselling with the necessary needed facilities to enhance effective teaching and learning.
Scope of the Study
This study was carried out in Cross River State be limited to Colleges of Education. The study was restricted specifically to evaluation of guidance and counselling programme in Colleges of Education. The CIPP (Context, input, process, product) model of evaluation is used with particular emphasis on the context, input, process and product (CIPP) aspect of model.
The programme is evaluated in terms of the extent of the achievement of the objectives of guidance and counselling contexts, availability and utilization of instructional materials and facilities. The adequacy of teaching methods employed by the lecturers and the problem encountered by the teachers in teaching guidance and counselling.
Research Questions
The following research questions were used to guide the study.
1. How suitable are the course contents in achieving the aims of guidance and counselling programme?
2. What are the instructional methods adopted for effective teaching and learning of guidance and counselling programme?
3. How adequate are the facilities, counselling laboratory and materials for effective teaching and learning of guidance and counselling?
4. What are the problems encountered by lecturers in teaching guidance and counselling?
Hypothesis
The following null hypotheses were formulated for this study and were tested at 0.05 level of significance.
Ho1: The opinion on the teaching methods utilized for teaching guidance and counselling is significantly independent of years of experiences of teachers.
Ho2: The opinion on the problem encountered in teaching guidance and counselling is significantly independent of years of experience of teachers.
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
The related literature has been reviewed, organized and presented under the following sub-headings.
1. The concept of Evaluation
2. Evaluation models
3. The need for programme evaluation
4. The importance of library to evaluation
5. The importance of physical facilities to evaluation
6. History of guidance and counselling
7. Development of guidance and counselling services in Nigeria.
8. The concept and principle of guidance and counselling
9. The problems, prospect and ethical issues of guidance and counselling in Nigeria
10. Review of empirical studies
11. Summary
The Concept of Evaluation
The concept of evaluation is a process of ascertaining whether the objectives of the programme are being achieved or not. Evaluation according to
Agbaegbu, Ezeudu and Agwagah (2000) is the process of ascertaining the functionality of educational programmes and practices in a systematic manner.
Similarly Olaitan (1996) observed that evaluation gives support to action taken as well as suggests changes to be made if instructional /programme goals must be achieved. Evaluation is a continuous comprehensive process which utilizes a variety of procedures and which inescapably are related to the objectives of the instructional programme.
It is in line with this that Gronlund, cited in (Harbour – Peters 1999) while relating evaluation procedures to instructional objectives, says that evaluation is an integral part of the teaching and learning process. According to Harbour-Peters (1999) Evaluation is not something tacked on at the end of a course; it is not limited to the measurement of the amount of the factoral material retained.
Therefore, the following procedures should be adopted to accomplished meaningful instructional evaluation.
xDecide on the purpose the evaluation result should serve.
xDecide on the content, evaluation should be base on.
xDecide on the format of evaluation instrument.
xDecide on the administrative conditions of the instrument.
xFormulate the procedure for grading and interpreting the result.
Proper use of evaluation procedure according to Gronlund, will help improve students learning by.
1. Clarifying the intending learning outcome.
2. Providing short-term goals to work
3. Offering feed back concerning learning programme
4. Providing information for over coming learning difficulties and selecting future learning experience.
According to Okoro (2005) noted that evaluation is a methodological activity which consists of gathering and combining performance data to yield rating and in justifying the data collection procedure weighting of data and the goals themselves.
In another dimension, Patton cited in Ali, Ezeadi and Ogbazi (1986) viewed evaluation as:
1. A problem solving strategy
2. A strategy that identifies the need for a decision through data collection, analysis and information use
3. One which entails situation that involves choice on data collection and the worth of option.
4. One which involves making judgment and appraisals
Gronlund (1985) suggested five basic operational principles by which evaluation should be based for effectiveness. These include:
xDetermining and classifying what is to be evaluated always as priority in the evaluation process.
xEvaluation technique should be selected in terms of the purpose to be served.
x
