Table of contents
Declaration ................................................................................................................................. ii
Approval ................................................................................................................................... iii
Dedication ................................................................................................................................. iv
Acknowledgement ....................................................................................................................... v
Table of contents ....................................................................................................................... vi
List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................. ix
List of cases ................................................................................................................................ x
List of National Legislation ....................................................................................................... xi
Abstract .................................................................................................................................... xii
CHAPTER ONE ....................................................................................................................... l3
INTRODUCTION OF TI-lE STUDY ........................................................................................ 13
I. I Background ........................................................................................................................ 13
1.2 Statement of the problem .................................................................................................... 14
1.3 Objectives of the study ........................................................................................................ 14
1.4 Specific objectives of the study ........................................................................................... 14
1.5 Research questions .............................................................................................................. 14
1.6 Scope of the study ............................................................................................................... 15
1.7 Significance ofthc study ..................................................................................................... 15
1.8 Review of related literature ................................................................................................. 15
1.9 Methodology ...................................................................................................................... 18
CHAPTER TW0 ...................................................................................................................... 19
INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL REVIEW OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL LAW IN UGANDA
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2.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 19
2.1 The concept of environmental law ...................................................................................... 19
2.2. History and Evolution of Environmental Law .................................................................... 20
2.3 The Period of Industrial Revolution .................................................................................... 21
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2.4 Functions of Environmental Laws ....................................................................................... 22
2.5 Common law principles and their application in environmental law .................................... 22
2.5.1 The following are tort action that can be applied in environmental law ............................ 23
2.5.2 Contributions of common law actions to environmental protection .................................. 26
2.5.3 Limitations of common law actions in environmental protection ...................................... 26
CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................. 27
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ADAPTATION MEASURES UNDER THE
INTERNATIONAL AND LOCAL LEGAL POLICY ON THE ENVIRONMENT .................. 27
3.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 27
3.1 The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ......................................... 27
3.2 The Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC ................................................................................... 30
3.3 The National Environment Management Policy (NEMP), 1994 in Uganda ......................... 32
3.4 Uganda Forestry Policy 2002 .............................................................................................. 34
3.5 The National Energy Policy, 2002 ...................................................................................... 35
3.6 The Renewable Energy Policy for Uganda .......................................................................... 36
3.7 Implementation ofCDM Projects in Uganda and their!mplications for Climate Change
Adaptation ................................................................................................................................ 3 8
CllAPTER FOUR .................................................................................................................... 40
UGANDAN POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK .............................................................. 40
4.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 40
4.1 Uganda's policy analysis on environment ........................................................................... 40
4.1.1 The National Environment Management Policy ............................................................... 40
4.1.2 The National policy for Conservation and Management of Wetland Resources, 1995 ...... 41
4.1.3 The National Water Policy of 1995 .................................................................................. 42
4.1.4 The Wildlife policy, 1999 ................................................................................................ 43
4.1.5 The Uganda Fisheries Policy, 2004 .................................................................................. 43
4.1.6 The Uganda Forestry Policy, 2001 ................................................................................... 43
4.2 Environmental Legislative Framework in Uganda ............................................................... 44
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4.2.1 The 1995 Constitution ofUganda ..................................................................................... 44
4.2.2 The Land Act Cap 227 ..................................................................................................... 46
4.3 The Concept of a Framework environmental Legislation .................................................... 46
4.3. I Sectoral Environmental Legislation in Uganda ................................................................. 46
4.4 Institutional Framework for Environmental Management in Uganda ................................... 48
4.4. I The Role of Central Government ..................................................................................... 48
4.4.2 The Role of Parliament .................................................................................................... 49
4.4.3 The Role of Courts ........................................................................................................... 49
4.4.4 The Role of Civil Society ................................................................................................. 50
4.4.5 The Role of the Public ..................................................................................................... 50
4.5 Tools to enforcing environmental Law ................................................................................ 50
4.5. I Public Interest Litigation .................................................................................................. 50
4.5.2 Environmental Impact Assessment.. ................................................................................. 53
4.5.2 Environmental Monitoring ............................................................................................... 54
4.5.3 Environmental Reporting ................................................................................................. 54
4.5.4 Environmental Judicial Remedies .................................................................................... 55
4.6 Review ............................................................................................................................... 57
CHAPTER FIVE ...................................................................................................................... 58
GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................. 58
5. I General Conclusions ........................................................................................................... 58
5.2 Recommendations ............................................................................................................... 59
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 62
Abstract The livelihood of most Ugandans intimately depends on the environment both as a resource of subsistence and a basis for production. However environmental degradation is rampant mostly in the more populated areas. The Ugandan government has formulated a number of policies to regulate land use and impacts on land use. However, the alarming rate at which natural resources are being depleted shows that these laws and policies are not enforced effectively. The methods used while conducting this research include library research from the relevant materials, internet research and a critical analysis of the international and Ugandan instruments on the conservation of the environment. The study reveals a glaring gap between the existence of laws and policies and the reality of implementation in regard to restoration and conservation of the environment. The study calls for effective implementation of the existing laws and policies. it also calls for meticulous review of the existing environmental policy regime with a view of tailoring, customizing and localizing it for practical purposes.
