STRATEGIC PLANNING AS A TOOL FOR CORPORATE SURVIVAL
(A CASE STUDY OF CADBURY NIG. PLC)
ABSTRACT
This project is on strategic planning as a tool for corporate survival with reference to Cadbury Nigeria Plc ,Agidingbi, Ikeja, Lagos.
Effective management of business environmental changes depends on careful planning. Strategic planning has been the cornerstone of business organization survival, because of numerous benefits derived from a well formulated and implemented strategic planning.
In setting firms strategy, various elements such as objectives, resources and opportunities are put into consideration. The organization conducts its business environment situation analysis I order to identify its strengths, weakness, threats and opportunities (SWOT). Towards this, there are basic steps in strategic planning which enables the enterprise to develop strategic options. The chosen strategic options need to match organization opportunity with the strengths so as to achieve corporate objectives.
The process of strategic planning is a useful framework for business management. It bears heavily in organization success or failure, when all the spectrum of strategic planning are done well, an organization may overcome inefficient use of internal resources but it is unlikely for the organization to survive with poor strategies.
The project ends with recommendations of quantitative forecasting technique in addition to judgment and assumptions, which are common with some business organizations today.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
Title page i
Certification/Approval ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract vi
Table of Contents viii
List of Tables xi
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Background of Study 1
1.2 Statement of Problem 2
1.3 Objectives of Study 2
1.4 Research Questions 3
1.5 Research Hypotheses 4
1.6 Significance of Study 5
1.7 Scope and Limitation of Study 5
1.8 Historical Background of Study 6
1.9 Definition of Terms 7
References 10
CHAPTER TWO
2.1 Nature of Strategic Planning 11
2.2 Corporate Planning Approach 12
2.3 How to Develop Strategic Plan 14
2.4 Strategic Planning Process 14
2.5 Characteristics of Strategy 16
2.6 Criteria for Effective Strategy 16
2.7 Types of Strategies 17
2.8 Strategic Management 20
2.9 Formulation of Strategy 21
2.10 Objectives and Goals 23
References 26
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Characteristics of Population 27
3.1 Research Sample 27
3.2 Methods of Data Collection 27
3.3 Procedure of Statistical Analysis 28
3.4 Research Design 28
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Data Analysis and Explanation of Data 29
4.1 Testing of Hypotheses 37
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Summary of Findings 40
5.1 Conclusion 41
5.2 Recommendations 42
Bibliography 44
Appendix A Questionnaire Cover Letter
Appendix B Questionnaire
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
In order for an organization to thrive succeed in its environment of operation and achieve its set objectives and goals, there exist fundamental environmental forces that influence management decision making (formulation and implementation of policy) process.
Organization must adapt to these environmental forces as they plan and carryout their strategies and activities.
The success of the organization or its failure is determined largely by how well it recognizes and adjusts to planning. Organization can predict changes in environmental forces that will influence business direction through strategic planning.
Planning covers the whole process of determining what purpose to pursue and the means of attaining them as well as the mechanism for monitoring results.
Planning helps organization define their purpose and activities. All managers at various levels in the organization plan. Planning is one of the important managerial functions. Its importance can be deduced from the popular adage – He, who fails to plan, plan to fail. Thus, for a manager to succeed, he has to plan.
It is therefore, the responsibility of managers to make use of a firm’s resources in adjusting to the changing environment. Activities carried out by the organization should stem from strategy. Non existent or poorly defined strategy results in ineffective utilization of resources.
This project therefore, attempts to study the significance of a well-formulated strategy as a basis for organizational success.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Managers are confronted with the problems of defining the company’s objectives, adoption of strategies and how to monitor results for the survival of their organization.
These problems of formulating strategies to deal with environmental changes require information and technique for good decision-making by managers.
This study therefore, is to identify how and why strategic planning is necessary for the survival of any corporate organization.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
This project focuses on the extent to which strategic planning is a tool for corporate survival.
The objective of this study is:
i. to conceptualize what strategic planning is
ii. to know steps in strategic planning in running modern organization
iii. to learn why strategic planning takes place
iv. to know how strategic planning works towards corporate survival.
At the end of this project, it can be established that strategic planning is important to both small and large scale businesses because it determines its viability, continuity and profitability.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
In order to probe into the research project comprehensively, the following questions were formulated:
i. Who the people responsible are for formulated of strategic planning?
ii. What is the management policy employed by the organization?
iii. What is the existing state of the organization and the environment in which it operates and which likely to operate in future?
iv. How does the company obtain its raw materials and equipment?
v. How does the company cope with change of government policy?
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
For the purpose of this work the following hypotheses shall be tested:
1. Null hypothesis: Strategic plan will not enhance unity among the various units within an organization.
Alternative hypothesis: Strategic plan will enhance unity among the various units within an organization
2. Null hypothesis: Strategic plan will not influence attainment of organizational objectives.
Alternative hypothesis: Strategic plan will not influence attainment of organizational objectives.
3. Null hypothesis: A flexible strategic plan does not work better tan a rigid strategic plan.
Alternative hypothesis: A flexible strategic plan does not work better tan a rigid strategic plan.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
This research work will be useful to various organization in Nigeria and the rest of the world.
Its findings and recommendations will guide corporate organizations on how to strategically plan their business to thrive in a depressed economy. It is a well-known fact that a problem whose causes are identified is almost completely solved. Since this study is carried out to identify the importance of strategic
planning for the survival of corporate organization it will then be a pointer to some of the solutions to problems faced by corporate organizations.
1.7 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF STUDY
This research project is limited to Cadbury Nigeria Plc, due to the constraints faced by the researcher.
One of the limitation is that of time, secondly is financial constraint and also the problem of interviewing, distribution of questionnaires, tabulation and analyzing of data but for these constraints, the research would have taken a border dimension.
1.8 HISTORICAL BACKGROUNG OF STUDY (CADBURY NIG. PLC.)
1965 may be considered the formal birth date of the corporate entity known today as Cadbury Nigeria Pc. In that year of incorporation of the then Cadbury Nigeria Limited, a purpose – built factory was commissioned at the present agidingbi, Ikeja headquarters and full scale production of pronto (introduced in 1956) and bournvita (1960) began, using Nigerian Cocoa products as basic raw material.
This event marked the beginning of a truly Nigerian company as opposed to the existing foreign trading.
Policy laid down from the very beginning and pursued with relentless dedication ever since was to make products wherever possible with locality sourced raw materials of the highest quality, primarily targeted to the Nigerian Market, taking cognizance of the Nigerian peoples’ total developmental aspiration.
Today the core business of the company is run in three streams namely Food Drinks, Confectionery and Foods. The epoch-making Cereal Conversion Plant also produces a range of intermediate products such as Sorghum Extract and Glucose; while the Jos Plant produces tomato paste. The Confectionery namely, Tom-Tom, Buttermint, Malta Sweet, Chocolate Eclairs, Luckies, Extra Strong Peppermint, Fruities Ginger Orange, Koff-stick, Tofi etc.
The Food Drinks consists of Pronto and Bournvita.
The subsidiary company, the Stanmark Cocoa Processing Company, Ondo, processes locally grown cocoa Butter and Liquor for export as well as Cocoa Powder for domestic consumption.
The company’s consistent record achievement and growth has been sustained primarily by the “Cadbury People”. They are guided by an enduring philosophy of integrity, respect and excellence.
All activities have a philosophical basis in the pursuit of excellence, and corporate social responsibility finds expression in generous and meaningful support for the Arts, Education, Charity and Sports. A substantial sum of money has been endowed to provide interest income to fund all corporate giving.
1.9 DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
It will not be sufficient to conclude this introductory aspect of strategic planning without explaining the meaning of those key terms which will be used over in the chapters.
· Strategy: Is the pattern of objectives, purposes, goals and the major policies and plans for achieving those goals stated in such a way so as to define what business the company is in or is to e and the kind of company it is or to be (Andrews, 1965).
· Strategy can also be defined as schemes, methods, maneuvers which management hopes to deploy in order to move the organization from its present position to arrive at its target goal by
the end of a specified period, recognizing that during the interviewing period a host of changes are going to take place in the environment (Amao, 1979)
· Planning: Is the process of predicting future events and using those predictions to set courses of action that will achieve the organization’s goals.
· Strategic Plan: Drucker (1974) ”the continuous process of making present entrepreneurial (risk taking) decisions systematically and with the greatest knowledge of their futurity, organizing systematically the efforts needed to carryout these decisions and measuring the results of these decisions against expectation through organized systematic feedback”.
· Tactical Plan: A short-term plan that specifies the activities necessary to carry out a specific plan.
· Corporate Mission: Is the specific and well-defined roles and activities on which the organization elects to concentrate its efforts.
· Distinctive Competencies: These are the activities an organization can perform better than other firms
· Goal: This is an expected result
· Objective: Is the derived state of affair or preferred results that an organization attempts to realized and achieve
· Target; This is a goal to be reached, a quantified expected result.
