A COMPARATIVE INVESTIGATION INTO THE LIPID PROFILE OF MORINGA OLEIFERA SEEDS AND LEAVES
ABSTRACT
Moringa Oleifera seed and leaves used in Eastern Nigeria have an impressive range of multipurpose medicinal uses with high nutritional values. However, to be clinically used, more scientific data are needed. The aim of this present study is to extract and characterize the oil content of Moringa Oleifera seeds and leaves. The ground seeds and leaves were extract with n-hexane as the solvent using soxhlet extractor. The seed oil of Moringa Oleifera was analyzed for its iodine values, pH, viscosity, free fatty acids value, peroxide value, saponification value and density using conventional methodies. The maximum percentage extractive yield of oil were found to be seed (20.634%) and leaves (0.00%). The characterization analysis of the seed oil revealed that the tested parameters give these values; specific gravity (0.903), pH (5.60), saponification values (13.99), peroxide values (0.00), viscosity (580.24), free fatty acid value (49.37) and iodine values (0.33). Therefore, the results showed that Moringa Oleifera seed oil is a source of raw material for the industries as a result of its high oil yield.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
1.0    INTRODUCTION                      
1.1    Aims/Objectives of the Study                   
1.2    Statement of Problem                           
1.3    Scope of Limitation of the Study                  
1.4    Significance of the Study          
CHAPTER TWO
2.0    LITERATURE REVIEW                
2.1    Background of the Study                    
2.2    Factors that Contribute to the Growth of
Moringa Oleifera Plant                         
    Methods of Propagation                    
2.3    Uses of Moringa Oleifera                    
2.4    Phytochemical Composition of Moringa Oleifera
Seeds and Leaves            
2.5    Chemical Structures of the Phytochemistry
Compositions                           
2.6    Medicinal Uses and Pharmacological Potentials
of Moringa Oleifera                          
2.7    Other NaturalS Benefits of Moringa Oleifera         
2.8    Classes of Lipids                              
2.9    Biochemical Functions of Lipids                  
2.10    Biochemical Reactions of Lipids           
2.11    Methods of Lipids Extraction                     
2.12    Tests for Lipids Analysis                    
CHAPTER THREE
3.0    Materials and Methods                  
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0    Results                            
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0    Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation     
References                                 
CHAPTER ONE
1.0    INTRODUCTION
Moringa Oleifera (synonym: moringa pterygosperma) is the most widely cultivated species of the genus moringa, which is the only genus in the family moringacae  English common names include; Moringa, Benzolive tree, (^ab “USDA GRIN Taxonmy”) and west Indian ben. It is also known as drumstick tree, from the appearance of the long, slender, triangular seeds pods, horseradish tree, from the taste of the roots which resembles horseradish, or Ben oil tree from the oil derived from the seeds. The tree itself is rather slender, with drooping branches that grow to approximately 10 meter in height. In cultivation, it is often cut back annually to 1-2 meters and allowed to regrow so the pods and leaves remains within arm’s reach. (^ab “USDA GRIN Taxonomy”).
Moringa Oleifera lam (syn. Moringa pterygosperma; commonly known as “Miracle Tree”, Horseradish tree”, or “Ben oil tree”) is the best known and most widely distributed species of morignaceae family, having an impressive range of medicinal uses with high nutritional value throughout the world. Native to western and sub-himalayan tracts, India, Pakistan, Asia and Africa, (Somali, et al 1999, and Mughal et al; 1999) this plant is well distributed in the Philippines, Cambodia, America and the Caribbean Islands (Morton, 1991). In some parts of the world, Moringa oleifera is referred to as the “drumstick tree” or the “horseradish tree”, whereas in others it is known as the “kelor tree” (Anwar and Bhanger, 2003).  While in the Nile Valley, the name of the tree is ‘shagara al’ Rauwaq, which means tree for purifying (Von, 1996). In pakistan, Moringa Oleifera is locally known as “Sohanjna” and is grown and cultivated all over the country (Qaiser, 1993, and Anwar et al; 2005). It tolerates a wide range of rainfall with minimum annual rainfall requirement estimated at 250mm and maximum at over 3000mm and at pH of 5.0 – 9.0 (Palada and Changl, 2003).
Moringa Oleifera is an important food commodity which has had enormous attention as the “natural nutrition of the tropics”.
The parts of this plant includes; the roots, bark, gum, leaves, fruits (pods), flowers, seeds and seed oil. The leaves, fruits, flowers and immature pods of this plant tree a re used  as a highly nutritive vegetable in many countries, particularly in India, Pakistan, Philippines, Hawaii and many parts of Africa (D’ Souza and Kulkarni 1993) (Awar and Bhanger, 2003; Anwar et al; 2005). A number of medicinal properties have been ascribed to various  parts of this highly esteemed tree, (Fuglie, 2001; Faizi et al; 1998); Lalas and Tsaknis, 2002, Bhatnargar et al 1991; Siddhuraju and Becker, 2003; Dahot, 1988; Makonne et al; 1997 and the Nealth of India 1962).
The lipid profile is the collective term given to the estimation of typically, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lopporetein (LDL) cholesterol ad triacyl glycerides (TAG). Lipid profile can also be defined “lipid panel”. An extend lipid profile may include very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol. This is used to identify hyperlipidemia (various disturbances of cholesterol and triglycerides level). (Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia).
1.1    OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
To determine the lipid profile of Moringa Oleifera seeds and leaves.
1.2    STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Many works have been reported on the medicinal values and therapeutic properties of Moringa Oleifera, this has prompted the need for a project work to be carried out; to investigate the lipid profile of Moringa Oleifera seeds and leaves.
1.3    SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study is on the Moringa Oleifera seeds and leaves. This is because of the time it takes, sourcing for library materials and financial implications in purchasing the sample seeds and leaves and also the transportation costs.
1.4    SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The results of the tests carried out on the project work, reveals that the seeds contain high content of oil that serves as antioxidant agent and industrial raw material. ie. soap production  industries.