This work was carried out to investigate the effects of Burrantashi extracts on the lipoproteins Burantashi is a popular seasoning agent to barbecued meat (Suya) in Nigeria. Found in the northern parts of the country. Lipoproteins are the principal steroid or fat that is synthesized in the liver or intestines of animals. Erectile dysfunction (ED) is defined as the consistent or recurrent inability of a man to attain or maintain penile erection, sufficient for sexual activity (2nd international consultation on sexual dysfunction Paris, June 28th –July 1st 2003). Following the discovery and introduction of burantashi research on the mechanism underlying penile erection, had an enormous boost and many preclinical and clinical papers have been published in the last five years on the peripheral regulation of, and the mediators involved in human penile erection. The most widely accepted risk factors for e.g. are discussed. The research is focused on human data and the safety and effectiveness of burantashi stem as a phosphodiesterase – 5- inhibitors (PDEs) used to treat erectile dysfunction.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page - - - - - - - - - - -i
Certification page - - - - - - - - -ii
Dedication - - - - - - - - - - -iii
Acknowledgement- - - - - - - - -iv
Table of contents - - - - - - - - - -v
Abstract - - - - - - - - - - -viii
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction - - - - - - - - - -1
1.1 Prevalence of erectile Dysfunction in women- - - - -2
1.2 Prevalence of erectile Dysfunction in men-- - - - -3
1.3 Objective study and aims - - - - - - - -4
1.4 Nitric oxide-cyclic GMP pathways with some emphasis on
cavernosal contractility - - - - - - - - -4
1.5 Synthesis of Nitric oxide - - - - - - -6
1.6 Inactivation - - - - - - - - -10
1.7 The nitric oxide Receptor: soluble guanylate cyclase - - -10
1.8 Intracellular cyclic GMP receptor proteins - - -12
Introduction - - - - - - - - - -1
1.1 Prevalence of erectile Dysfunction in women- - - - -2
1.2 Prevalence of erectile Dysfunction in men-- - - - -3
1.3 Objective study and aims - - - - - - - -4
1.4 Nitric oxide-cyclic GMP pathways with some emphasis on
cavernosal contractility - - - - - - - - -4
1.5 Synthesis of Nitric oxide - - - - - - -6
1.6 Inactivation - - - - - - - - -10
1.7 The nitric oxide Receptor: soluble guanylate cyclase - - -10
1.8 Intracellular cyclic GMP receptor proteins - - -12
CHAPTER TWO
Literature review
2.1 Normal pennies Anatomy - - - - - - -17
2.2 How election occurs in males - - - - - -18
2.3 How election sustained - - - - - - -18
2.4 Causes of ED in males - - - - - - -18
2.5 Physical causes ED in males - - - - - -19
2.6 Psychological causes of ED in males - - - - -23
2.7 Diagnosis of erectile dysfunction - - - - - -24
2.8 Literature review on female erectile dysfunction - - -27
2.9 Normal anatomy of the female external Gentialia - - -27
2.10 Causes of ED in females - - - - - -28
2.11 Psychological causes of ED in females - - - -31
2.12 Mechanisms of action burantashi - - - - -32
2.13 Taxonomy - - - - - - - - -35
2.14 Cholesterol - - - - - - - - -36
2.15 Dietary source and effect of diet in cholesterol - - -38
2.16 Functions‟ of cholesterol in body - - - - -40
2.17 Lipoprotein metabolism - - - - - - -41
2.18 Reaction catalyzed by LCAT - - - - - -42
2.19 Very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL) - - - - -45
2.20 Metabolism of VLDL - - - - - - -45
2.21 Low density lipoproteins - - - - - - -45
2.22 Function of LDL - - - - - - - -47
2.23 High density lipoprotein - - - - - - -47
2.24 Clinical significant - - - - - - -48
2.25 Role of alpha adrenergic receptors in erectile function - -49
2.26 Role of alpha 1 and alpha 2 adrenergic receptors in human penile erectile function - - - - - - - - -51
2.27 Classification of alpha-adrenergic receptor subtypes in human corpus cavernosum - - - - - - - - -52
2.28 Idenification of alpha 1 adrenergic reception subtypes in human corpus cavernosum - - - - - - - - -53
2.29 Identification and characterisation of alpha-2 adrenergic receptor substypes in penile corpus cavernosum - - - - -54
2.30 Functional (psysiological) studies of alpha and alpha-2 adrenergic receptor in erectile tissue. - - - - - - -55
2.31 Molecular mechanism of alpha-1 adrenergic receptors in erectile tissue corpus cavernosum - - - - - - - -56
2.32 Molecular mechanism of action of alpha-2 adrenergic receptor in erectile tissue corpus cavernosum - - - - -57
2.33 Blockade of alpha 1 and alpha 2 adrenergic receptor activity by selective and non-selective alpha 1 an 2 receptor antagonises -59
2.34 Alpha 1 and alpha 2 selective antagonists - - - -60
2.35 Alpha 1 selective antagonists - - - - - -61
2.36 Alpha 2 selective antagonists - - - - - -62
2.37 Physiological (Functional) antagonism of alpha and alpha 2 adrenergic receptors activity by vasodilators: the balance between contraction and Relaxtion - - - - - - - - -63
Literature review
2.1 Normal pennies Anatomy - - - - - - -17
2.2 How election occurs in males - - - - - -18
2.3 How election sustained - - - - - - -18
2.4 Causes of ED in males - - - - - - -18
2.5 Physical causes ED in males - - - - - -19
2.6 Psychological causes of ED in males - - - - -23
2.7 Diagnosis of erectile dysfunction - - - - - -24
2.8 Literature review on female erectile dysfunction - - -27
2.9 Normal anatomy of the female external Gentialia - - -27
2.10 Causes of ED in females - - - - - -28
2.11 Psychological causes of ED in females - - - -31
2.12 Mechanisms of action burantashi - - - - -32
2.13 Taxonomy - - - - - - - - -35
2.14 Cholesterol - - - - - - - - -36
2.15 Dietary source and effect of diet in cholesterol - - -38
2.16 Functions‟ of cholesterol in body - - - - -40
2.17 Lipoprotein metabolism - - - - - - -41
2.18 Reaction catalyzed by LCAT - - - - - -42
2.19 Very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL) - - - - -45
2.20 Metabolism of VLDL - - - - - - -45
2.21 Low density lipoproteins - - - - - - -45
2.22 Function of LDL - - - - - - - -47
2.23 High density lipoprotein - - - - - - -47
2.24 Clinical significant - - - - - - -48
2.25 Role of alpha adrenergic receptors in erectile function - -49
2.26 Role of alpha 1 and alpha 2 adrenergic receptors in human penile erectile function - - - - - - - - -51
2.27 Classification of alpha-adrenergic receptor subtypes in human corpus cavernosum - - - - - - - - -52
2.28 Idenification of alpha 1 adrenergic reception subtypes in human corpus cavernosum - - - - - - - - -53
2.29 Identification and characterisation of alpha-2 adrenergic receptor substypes in penile corpus cavernosum - - - - -54
2.30 Functional (psysiological) studies of alpha and alpha-2 adrenergic receptor in erectile tissue. - - - - - - -55
2.31 Molecular mechanism of alpha-1 adrenergic receptors in erectile tissue corpus cavernosum - - - - - - - -56
2.32 Molecular mechanism of action of alpha-2 adrenergic receptor in erectile tissue corpus cavernosum - - - - -57
2.33 Blockade of alpha 1 and alpha 2 adrenergic receptor activity by selective and non-selective alpha 1 an 2 receptor antagonises -59
2.34 Alpha 1 and alpha 2 selective antagonists - - - -60
2.35 Alpha 1 selective antagonists - - - - - -61
2.36 Alpha 2 selective antagonists - - - - - -62
2.37 Physiological (Functional) antagonism of alpha and alpha 2 adrenergic receptors activity by vasodilators: the balance between contraction and Relaxtion - - - - - - - - -63
CHAPTER THREE
Material and methods
3.1 materials - - - - - - - - -68
3.2 extract yield of ethanol extract and aqueous extract - - -75
3.3 Phytochemical properties of extract - - - - -79
3.4 Effect of extracts on serum glutamate oxaloacetate transferase (SGOT) activity of Wistar rats - - - - - - ------ -81
3.5 Effect of extract on serum glutamate pyrurate transaminase (SGPT) activity of Wistar rats - - - - - - - -- 82
3.6 Effect of extracts on alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) activity of wistar rats - - - - - - - - - - - 83
3.7 Effect of extracts on plasma glutamate transferase activity (IULV) of wistar rats. - - - - - - - - -83
Material and methods
3.1 materials - - - - - - - - -68
3.2 extract yield of ethanol extract and aqueous extract - - -75
3.3 Phytochemical properties of extract - - - - -79
3.4 Effect of extracts on serum glutamate oxaloacetate transferase (SGOT) activity of Wistar rats - - - - - - ------ -81
3.5 Effect of extract on serum glutamate pyrurate transaminase (SGPT) activity of Wistar rats - - - - - - - -- 82
3.6 Effect of extracts on alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) activity of wistar rats - - - - - - - - - - - 83
3.7 Effect of extracts on plasma glutamate transferase activity (IULV) of wistar rats. - - - - - - - - -83
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1. Yield of the extracts - - - - - - - -82
4.2. Phytochemical data - - - - - - - -82
4.2. Effect of extracts on cholesterol level of rats - - - -83
4.3. Effect of extracts on LDL level of rats - - - - -84
4.4. Effects of extracts on HDL of rats - - - - -85
4.4. Effects of extracts on Triacylglycerol on diabetic rats - -86
4.1. Yield of the extracts - - - - - - - -82
4.2. Phytochemical data - - - - - - - -82
4.2. Effect of extracts on cholesterol level of rats - - - -83
4.3. Effect of extracts on LDL level of rats - - - - -84
4.4. Effects of extracts on HDL of rats - - - - -85
4.4. Effects of extracts on Triacylglycerol on diabetic rats - -86
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1Discussion and conclusion - - - - - - -87
References - - - - - - - - - -88
5.1Discussion and conclusion - - - - - - -87
References - - - - - - - - - -88
