TABLE OF CONTENT
Pages
Title Page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgements iv
Table of Contents v
Abstract vii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction/Background of Study 1
1.1 Aim 4
1.2 Statement of Research Objective 4
1.3 Scope of Study 5
1.4 Literature Review 5
1.4.1 Structure and Composition of Lignocellulose Biomass 6
1.4.2 Cellulose 6
1.4.3 Hemicellulose 9
1.4.4 Lignin 10
1.5 Wastepaper as a Feedstock for Ethanol Production 11
1.5.1 Wastepaper Defined 12
1.6 Production of Ethanol from Cellulose 15
1.6.1 Separate Hydrolysis and Fermentation 16
1.6.2 Enzymatic Hydrolysis 17
1.6.3 Acid Hydrolysis 19
1.6.4 Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation 21
1.6.5 Thermochemical Processes 23
1.6.6 Fermentation 24
1.6.7 Distillation 25
1.7 Advantages of Cellulosic Ethanol over Corn (Grain) Ethanol 23
1.7.1 Disadvantages of Cellulosic Ethanol over Starch Ethanol 27
1.7.2 Uses of Ethanol 27
1.7.2.1 E10 28
1.7.2.2 E15 28
1.7.2.3 E85 28
1.7.2.4 Intermediate Blends from Blender Pumps 29
1.8 Economics of Lignocellulosics 30
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Experimental 32
2.1 Materials 32
2.1.1 List of Apparatus 32
2.1.2 List of Reagents 33
2.2 Method 33
2.2.1 Separate Hydrolysis and Fermentation 33
2.3 Precautions 35
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Results and Discussion 36
3.1 Effect of the Method on Ethanol Yield 36
3.2 Test For Glucose 37
3.3 Test for Ethanol 37
3.4 Discussion 38
3.5 Conclusion 40
3.6 Recommendation 41
References 42
Appendix 1 47
Appendix 2 50
Appendix 3 51
ABSTRACT
Wastepaper, which is a cellulose feedstock, is emerging as an attractive option for
the production of bioethanol because of lower feedstock cost, higher potential for
fossil fuel displacement and also there being a reduction in greenhouse gas
emission as compared to production of ethanol from corn. The main objective of
the current project is to minimize wastepaper loads on municipal solid waste by
efficiently utilizing the wastepaper in the production of bioethanol.
From the experiment, 100g of wastepaper produced 26ml of ethanol, using acid
hydrolysis in Separate Hydrolysis and Fermentation (SHF) method. The ethanol
produced having a percentage yield of 55.7% and a percentage purity of 77%.