ABSTRACT
Floods are the most devastating of all natural disasters, accounting for about one-third of theeconomic losses and over half of the deaths associated with natural disasters worldwide.Flooding in Lagos has become a frequent hazard which is caused by the bad condition of thedrainage systems along the road and the unavailability of water channels to contain excesswater in case of heavy rain. The flood problem is worsened with heavy rains and theblockade of the drainage systems.The study area is the route from University road and Dan Fodio Boulevard, Akoka, Lagos,which is 2.625Km in length. This project aims at investigating the flood flow pattern alongthe study route and provides a flood flow map for the purpose of safe navigation through theroute. So based on this study, the flood damages could be reduced to its minimal amount. Theproject was executed using Total Station Leica Ts06 with its accessories for positiondetermination (X, Y and H data) and Sun DSC 232 Digital Level Instrument with itsaccessories for height determination (H data). The acquired data were sorted and processedusing ArcGIS 10.3, Microsoft Excel, Notepad and AutoCAD Civil 3D 2017 software. Theresults obtained were used to produce a flood flow map. From the analysis of the result, itwas deduced that the major cause of flooding along the route are blockage of drainage due tosediment, the elevation model also shows that the road is at the same height with thedrainages and also there is no hole in the drainages in other to channel the flow of water tothe drainage or any other distributaries. Flood forecasting and warning is a prerequisite forsuccessful mitigation of flood damage. Its effectiveness depends on the level of preparednessand correct response.iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATION
DEDICATION II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT III
ABSTRACT IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS V
LIST OF FIGURES IX
LIST OF TABLES X
CHAPTER ONE (INTRODUCTION) 1
1.0 BACKGROUND OF STUDY 1
1.1 ELEMENTS OF ROUTE SURVEY 3
1.2 PROBLEM DEFINITION 4
1.3 AIM 4
1.4 OBJECTIVES 4
1.5 BENEFIT OF PROJECT 5
1.6 STUDY AREA 5
1.6.1 SITE OVERVIEW 7v
1.6.2 SITE DESCRIPTION 8
1.7 SCOPE OF PROJECT 8
CHAPTER TWO (LITERATURE REVIEW) 9
2.0 BACKGROUND STUDY 9
2.1 ROUTE SURVEYING 19
2.2 DATA ACQUISITION TECHNIQUES 20
2.3 ERRORS IN SURVEY 21
2.3.1 TYPES OF SURVEYING ERRORS 21
2.4 OBSERVABLES AND DELIVERABLES IN ROUTE SURVEYS 24
2.4.1 OBSERVABLES 24
2.4.2 DELIVERABLES 24
CHAPTER THREE (METHODOLOGY) 26
3.0 DATA ACQUISITION AND DATA PROCESSING 26
3.1 RECONNAISSANCE 26
3.1.1 FIELD RECONNAISSANCE 27
3.1.2 OFFICE RECONNAISSANCE 27
3.2 INSTRUMENTATION 28
3.2.1 HARDWARE 28
3.2.2 SOFTWARE 28
3.3 TEST OF INSTRUMENTS 31vi
3.4 ROUTE SURVEY 31
3.4.1 INSTRUMENT SETUP AND CALIBRATION 31
3.4.1.1 Total Station Setup 32
3.4.1.2 Level Setup 33
3.4.2 CALIBRATING THE INSTRUMENT 33
3.4.3 DATA ACQUISITION PROCEDURE 34
3.5 PERSONNEL 34
3.6 DATA PROCESSING 35
3.6.1 DATA SORTING 35
3.6.1.1 Traverse Data Processing 35
3.6.1.2 Levelling Data Processing 35
3.6.1.3 Arc Map Data Processing 36
CHAPTER FOUR (RESULT AND ANALYSIS) 38
4.0 RESULTS 38
4.1.1 TRAVERSING 51
4.1.2 LEVELING 52
4.1.3 FLOW DIRECTION 53
4.1.4 FLOW ACCUMULATION 54
4.1.5 FLOW LENGTH 57
4.2 ANALYSIS 59vii
CHAPTER FIVE (CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION) 60
5.0 CONCLUSION 60
5.1 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED 61
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS 61
REFERENCES 62
APPENDIX I 68
APPENDIX II 81
LIST OF FIGURviii
