PREVALENCE AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA IN THE URINE OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

In order to access the prevalence and sensitivity pattern of urinary pathogens, 60 midstream urine samples from students of Caritas University were investigated using cultural methods. Samples were examined microscopically and cultured in blood agar and Macckonkey agar. Disk diffusion method was used for antibiotic testing. Of the 60 urine samples 48 yielded significant growth with a prevalence rate of 80%. It was observed that females were more infected than the males with a prevalence rate of 56.70% and 43.30% respectively under the ages of 18-25yrs.Escherichia coli was the most predominant. The isolates were very sensitive to Gentamycin, Nitrofurantoin and Ofloxacin which were the (most sensitive) and the most resistant were Tetracycline, Cortrimozol, Cephalexin and Ampicillin. Therefore, Nitrofurantoin, Gentamycin, Ofloxacin were strongly recommended for the treatment of UTI as indicated in the study.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPATER ONE
1.0    Introduction1    Aimsand objectivesofthestudy
CHAPTERTWO
2.0    Literaturereview
2.1    Microorganismsfoundinurineandtheiretiology
2.1.1    Bacteria
2.1.2    Viruses
2.1.3    Fungi
2.2.1    Protozoa
2.2.2    Entryofbacteriainto theurinarytract
2.2.3    Routesofbacteriainfection   
2.2.4    SymptomsofUTI
2.2.5    Diagnosis
2.2.6    Treatment
2.2.7    2.2.5.1AimsoftreatmentofUTI
2.2.5.2    Futurestrategiesintreatment ofbacteria/UTI
2.2.8    Preventionandcontrol
2.2.9    22.3.0 Antimicrobialresistance
2.3.1    Mechanismsofdrugresistance
2.3.1.1    Drug-inactivatingenzyme
2.3.1.2    Alterationinthetargetmolecule
2.3.1.3    Decreaseuptakeofthe drugs
2.3.1.4    Increasedeliminationofthedrugs
2.3.1.5    Conditionsinfluencingtheeffectivenessofdrugs
2.3.1.6    Population size
2.3.1.7    2.3.2.2 Populationcomposition
2.3.2.3    Concentrationandintensityofantimicrobialagent
2.3.2.4    Durationofexposure
2.3.2.5    Temperature172.3.3    Actionsofantimicrobialdrugs
2.3.3.1    Inhibitionofcellsynthesis
2.3.3.2    Inhibitionofcellmembrane
2.3.3.3    Inhibitionofnucleicacidsynthesis
2.3.3.4    Inhibitionofessentialmetabolites
CHAPTERTHREE
3.0    Materialsandmethods
3.1    Samplecollection  193.1.2    Antimicrobialsusceptibilitytest
3.1.3    Urinalysistest
3.2    Gramstaining
3.2.1    Biochemical test
3.2.2    Catalasetest
3.2.3    Coagulasetest
3.2.4    Motilitytest
3.2.5    Methyl test
3.2.6    Ureasetest
3.2.7    Indoletest
3.2.8    Citrateutilizationtest
CHAPTERFOUR
4.0    Result
CHAPTERFIVE
5.1    Discussion
5.2    Conclusion
5.3    Recommendation
5.4    References
Appendix IAppendixII
LIST OF TABLES
Table1:    Sex distribution of cases and prevalencerates
Table2:    Bacterialisolates ofpositivecases withprevalencerate
Table3:    TheSensitivity/Resistivitypatternsofbacterialisolates
Table4:    Biochemicaltestresults
LISTOFFIGURES:
Fig.1:Oxidasetest

Fig.2:Urease test
Fig.3 :    MacConkeyculture plate
Fig.4:    Catalasetest
Fig.5:    Indoletest
Fig.6:    Simmons citratetest
Fig.7:    Methyl redtest
Fig.8:    Vptest
Fig.9 :    Coagulasetest

CHAPTER ONE

Gram negative bacteria are bacteria that do not retain their crystal violet dye in the gram staining protocol. They are differentiated by their cell wall structure. The following characteristics are displayed by gram negative bacteria as follows