This study is a comparative analysis of the use of coal, fuel oil and natural gas for cement production noting their physical and chemical properties, cost and availability, impact on the environment and human health. Out of the seven cement manufacturing industries in Nigeria, three industries use these fuels were selected for the study. The industries are NigerCem –Ebonyi state, Dangote cement –Benue state and UniCem -Cross river state. Questionnaires were used to gather information on the three fuels. The likert 3- scale model was adopted, using 2.0 as the cut off mark. Based on the analysis of the study, it was observed out that amongst these three (3) fuels, fuel oil is presently expensive though available, while coal and natural gas are cheap but coal is not available due to the closure of Nigeria‟s coal mine. In terms of environment and health, coal and fuel oil emit much harmful gases to the environment and cause more health problems to cement worker but natural gas emits less of these harmful gases to the environment and cause less health problems to workers. The study therefore shows that natural gas is the best fuel because it is cheap, readily available and creates fewer problems to the environment.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page
Certification ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ii
Approval ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iii
Dedication ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- iv
Acknowledgement -------------------------------------------------------------------- v
Abstract -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- vi
Table of contents ---------------------------------------------------------------------- vii
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of study ------------------------------------------------------------ 1
1.2 Statement of problem ------------------------------------------------------------ 2
1.3 Aims and objectives ------------------------------------------------------------- 2
1.4 Significance of study ------------------------------------------------------------ 3
1.5 Scope of study -------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of study ------------------------------------------------------------ 1
1.2 Statement of problem ------------------------------------------------------------ 2
1.3 Aims and objectives ------------------------------------------------------------- 2
1.4 Significance of study ------------------------------------------------------------ 3
1.5 Scope of study -------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Energy source --------------------------------------------------------------------- 5
2.1.0 Coal ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5
2.1.1 Fuel oil -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15
2.1.2 Natural gas --------------------------------------------------------------------- 15
2.2 Cement ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17
2.2.0 Cement manufacturing processes -------------------------------------------- 18
2.2.1 Major characteristics of cement industry ---------------------------------- 22
2.2.2 Energy challenge in the industry -------------------------------------------- 23
2.2.3 Demand for cement ------------------------------------------------------------ 25
2.2.4 Emission from cement industry ---------------------------------------------- 26
2.3 Conceptual framework ----------------------------------------------------------- 30
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Energy source --------------------------------------------------------------------- 5
2.1.0 Coal ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5
2.1.1 Fuel oil -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15
2.1.2 Natural gas --------------------------------------------------------------------- 15
2.2 Cement ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17
2.2.0 Cement manufacturing processes -------------------------------------------- 18
2.2.1 Major characteristics of cement industry ---------------------------------- 22
2.2.2 Energy challenge in the industry -------------------------------------------- 23
2.2.3 Demand for cement ------------------------------------------------------------ 25
2.2.4 Emission from cement industry ---------------------------------------------- 26
2.3 Conceptual framework ----------------------------------------------------------- 30
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research methods ----------------------------------------------------------------- 31
3.2 Sample procedure/sample size determination --------------------------- ----- 31
3.3 Data collection -------------------------------------------------------------- ------ 33
3.4 Operational measures of the variable ------------------------------------------- 33
3.5 Research analysis ----------------------------------------------------------------- 34
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research methods ----------------------------------------------------------------- 31
3.2 Sample procedure/sample size determination --------------------------- ----- 31
3.3 Data collection -------------------------------------------------------------- ------ 33
3.4 Operational measures of the variable ------------------------------------------- 33
3.5 Research analysis ----------------------------------------------------------------- 34
CHAPTER FOUR
PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
4.1 Data presentation ----------------------------------------------------------------- 35
PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
4.1 Data presentation ----------------------------------------------------------------- 35
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Summary ------------------------------------------------------------------ 50
5.2 Conclusion ---------------------------------------------------------------- 51
5.3 Recommendation -------------------------------------------------------- 51
REFERENCE --------------------------------------------------------------- 53
APPENDIX ------------------------------------------------------------------ 56
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Summary ------------------------------------------------------------------ 50
5.2 Conclusion ---------------------------------------------------------------- 51
5.3 Recommendation -------------------------------------------------------- 51
REFERENCE --------------------------------------------------------------- 53
APPENDIX ------------------------------------------------------------------ 56
