CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Today’s reality in the global world is that, organizations influence several important aspects of employees attitude to work in a multitude of ways. They conceive and implement strategies, while the employees and reward systems determine the organization’s capabilities. Competencies are required to execute the strategy, and these competencies are primarily a function of the skills and knowledge of an organization’s human capital.
Therefore, if an organization is to treat its employees as its most important asset, it has to be knowledgeable about what it is that motivates people to reach their full potential (Lawler, 1990). It is not easy though to know all the things that motivate people in life or at work but an effort has to be made in each case.
Traditionally, individual attitude to work in organizations has centered on the evaluation of performance and the allocation of reward systems. Organizations are starting to acknowledge planning and enabling individual performance as a critical approach towards organizational performance.
Strategic success for the organization lies in focusing attention at all levels on key business imperatives, which can be achieved. The planning process is one of the primary elements of the total reward system. According to Adam, (1964),a reward system is an reinforcer only if its delivery increases the probability of a behavior or attitude of the target indiciduals.
This study is focused on reward system and teachers attitude to work. It is important to note that, reward system is the process that impacts performance between pay checks and provides the basis on which individuals results are measured. It is the bonding agent in programmes that direct rewards to true performance. The primary focus of reward and recognition programs is how organizations define their rewards system and communicate this in a manner that employees clearly understand the link between reward and teachers attitude to work (Bassy, 2002).
Rewards and recognition programmes create environments especially where jobs provide intrinsic rewards good feelings that people get from doing the work itself. Yet in many organizations, recognition is reserved for an elite few and rewards are defined solely in terms of wages and salaries. Effective recognition enhances employee motivation and increases employee productivity all of which contribute to improved organizational performance (Bassy, 2002).
1.2 Theoretical framework
This study is guided by;
(i) Adam Stacy’s Equity Theory of motivation
(ii) Victor Vroom’s Expectancy Theory.
(i) Adam Stacy’s Equity Theory of motivation
The Equity Theory states that employees expect fairness when being rewarded for the work done. The theory was developed from the Hertzberg’s job satisfaction theory and linked to the reward system by Adam Stacy. An important factor in employer’s motivation is whether individuals perceive the reward structure as being fair. The Equity theory essentially refers to an employee’s subjective judgment about the fairness of the reward she/he got in comparison with the inputs which include; efforts, time, education, and experience when compared with others in the organization.
The Equity theory of motivation concerns on the people’s perception and feelings on how they are treated as compared
with others (Armstrong, 1996). The argument is that people work well in accordance to what they regard as fair. Employees consider whether management has treated them fairly, when they look at what they receive for the effort they have made. Maslow (1954) agrees with this that employees expect rewards or outcomes to be broadly proportional to their effort. In this regard, Carter (2002) give the formula below to illustrate the comparison.
Input (A) =Input (B)
Reward (A) =Reward (B)
Employee A compares the ratio of his/her input to his/her reward to that of employee B. If he/she feels the ratios are similar, he/she is bound to be satisfied with the treatment received. If he/she feels inadequately treated, he or she is bound to be dissatisfied. This dissatisfaction is likely to breed tension and frustration in such employees and their consequent performance may be negatively affected and this may perhaps further lower rewards (Carter 2002). Much as Employees must be rewarded, employers’ perception towards performance-based rewards can depend on many factors such as politically rewarding someone because of his/her political affiliation, circumstantial instances like one being in the right place at the right time and be rewarded with a high office position, it can be gender sensitivity, strategic, just because someone teaches well mathematics so it is assumed that he can equally teach physics, it can be ethical, personal, such as one being rewarded because of the relationship he/she has with the head teacher.
(ii) Victor Vroom’s Expectancy Theory.
On the other hand, the Expectancy theory helped the study to understand how individuals are drawn to make decisions as regards various behavioral alternatives and perceptual differences among people. It also suggests that motivation is based on how much one wants something and how likely he/she could get it (Cascio, 1989). This is because the motivational force of every individual is influenced by his or her expectancies, valances all of which depend on a personal way of perception. The formal framework of expectancy theory was developed by Victor Vroom (1964).
This framework states basically that motivation plus effort leads to performance, which then leads to outcomes. According to this theory, three conditions must be met for individuals to exhibit motivated behavior and these include: effort to performance expectancy must be greater than zero, performance to outcome expectancy must also be greater than zero, and that the sum of the valances for all relevant outcomes must be greater than zero.
The Expectancy theory explains that in any given situation, the greater the number and variety of rewards that are available to the employees (teachers), the greater is the probability that extra effort will be exerted in attaining the set goals or targets in the hope of getting the desired rewards (Cascio, 1989). Gerald (1986) agrees with this and explains that Vroom focused especially on the factors that are involved in stimulating an individual to put an effort in doing something since this
is the basis of motivation.
1.3 Statement of the problem
There appears to be mounting concerns that high proportions of teachers working in Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River State are poorly motivated due to a combination of low morale and job satisfaction, poor incentives, and inadequate controls and other deprivations.
Consequently, standards of professional conduct and performance are low and falling in many schools. Incentives for teachers in Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River State to perform well are frequently weak due to ineffective incentives and sanctions. Very low pay forces large proportions of teachers to earn secondary income from private tutoring and other activities. What is expected from teachers which is their social contract is not pitched at a realistic level in Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River State given material rewards, workloads, and work and living environments. In many secondary schools, teachers are being asked to take on more responsibilities without rewarding them. The work and living environments for many teachers are poor, which tends to lower self-esteem and is generally de-motivating.
Employers use pecuniary rewards for high levels of performance in schools, usually defined in terms of student outcomes or teachers skills and knowledge as was observed by (Armsrong,2006). It is expected that without such rewards, teachers’ attitude to work would be poor. In spite of management efforts to reward the teachers for better services to students, the teachers seem not to exhibit signs of well rewarded workers. This has resulted into high labour turnover, teachers perform part time teaching as a means of topping up on the basic salary by teaching in two or more schools. The consequence of this on the formal job include late coming, lack of commitment to the job, dodging classes. There is no study that has so far been undertaken to establish the reasons why Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River State usually have a negative attitude towards rewarding teachers for their work. This raises curiosity and hence the need to establish the effect of rewards system on the attitude of teachers to work in Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River State.
1.4 Purpose of the study
This research is focused on reward system and teachers’ attitude to work in Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River State.
The specific objectives of the study include:
(i) To determine how reward system influences teachers attitude to work in Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River State.
(ii) To determine material rewards influences teachers attitude to work in Calabar south Local Government Area of Cross River State.
(iii) To determine financial renumeration influence teachers attitude to work in Calabar south Local Government Area of Cross River State.
(iv) To find out how verbal rewards influence teachers in Calabar south Local Government Area of Cross River State.
(v) To examine how intrinsic reward influence teachers attitude to work in Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River State
1.6 Research Question
For the researcher to achieve the objectives of the study, the following research questions are posed:
(i) To what extent does reward system influence teachers attitude to work in Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River State?
(ii) To what extent does material rewards influence teachers attitude to work in Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River State?
(iii) To what extent does financial reward influence teachers attitude to work in Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River State?
(iv) To what extent does verbal reward influence teacher attitude to work in Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River State?
(v) To what degree does intrinsic reward influence teachers attitude to work in Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River State?
1.7 Research Hypothesis
(i) There is no significant relationship between reward system and teachers attitude to work in Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River State
(ii) Material reward does not significantly influence teachers attitude to work in Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River State
(iii) Financial remuneration does not significantly influence teachers attitude to work in Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River State
(iv) Verbal reward does not significantly influence teachers attitude to work in Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River State
(v) Intrinsic reward does not significantly influence teachers attitude to work in Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River State
(vi) There is no significant relationship between employee psychological readiness result in lower performance, higher absenteeism, and tardiness among teachers attitude to work in Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River State.
1.8 Scope of the study
This research work will focus on reward system and teachers attitude to work. This study will be restricted to Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River State. The researcher will consider teachers from both public and private schools in the area.
1.9 Significance of the study
The findings of the study will benefit the ministry of education, future researchers, school administrators, teachers and students who need to know and learn from connection between reward system and attitude to work. Teachers and students will also benefit from the findings of this study in areas of improve work and academic performance.
1.10 Limitations of the study
Limitations are conditions beyond the control of the researcher that may place weakness on the conclusion of the study and their application to other situations. Personal characteristics of the respondents had an effect on data gathering. Some respondents did not exhaustively respond to all items. Some concealed information deeming it personal. The researcher had less mitigating mechanism upon this as respondents were simply not willing to respond the items at the time of carrying out the interview.
There are some factors that the researcher was not able to control such as the responses of the respondents which could be affected by factors such as suspicion and fear of the repercussions of their responses. The respondents could therefore give socially acceptable responses in order to avoid offending the researcher thus resulting in responses that are less reliable and valid. To overcome this, the researcher assured the respondent’s confidentiality so as to minimize the effects of these limitations.
1.11 Assumptions of the study
For the researcher to achieve the objectives of the study, the following assumptions will guide the study:
1. Reward system may connect teachers attitude to work in Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River State.
2. Poor organizational rewards influences teachers attitude to work in Calabar south Local Government Area of Cross River State
3. Poorly designed compensation package may influence teachers attitude to work in Calabar south Local Government Area of Cross Ricer State.
4. Employee psychological readiness may influence performance, higher absenteeism, and tardiness among teachers in Calabar south Local Government Area of Cross River State.
1.12 Definition of terms
Attitude:-The way one behaves, thinks or feels towards somebody or something.
Influence:- The power to changeor control something or somebody. The power to control or change academic performance of pre-school children.
Ministry of Education:- A government department concerned with giving people useful knowledge
Reward system:- Reward system, a positive stimulus that can be presented in the process of reinforcing behavior
Teacher:- also called a school teacher is a person who provides education for students
